Others say that Aeneas and some of his followers escaped the fall of Troy and established the town. the Latin League and the Samnite League. After 275 BC, the League's territory was split into three independent cantons: Samnium, Hirpinum and Caudium. Tarentum (212 BC) was delivered to Hannibal by the local democratic faction. This is because they involved a mixed Roman/original Latin/Italian allied population, and so could more easily attract the necessary number of settlers. The Italian allies enjoyed complete autonomy outside the fields of military and foreign policy. Exchange between Rome, Carthage, and the Phoenicians, 600 BCE - 600 CE Second-Wave Civilizations. There is a discrepancy in the minimum rating for legionary service between Polybius (400 drachmae) and Livy (1,100). After all, only members of the patrician class could hold office. According to Livy, the Bruttians attacked Croton with 15,000 men in 215 BC and this figure will be assumed as their total strength in 225. From the start, the rebels' prime target was to capture the Latin colonies. The loyalty of the then socii during this period appears to have remained largely solid. Under Roman law, the lands of a surrendering enemy (dediticii) became the property of the Roman state. There is now no doubt that Rome was a major city in the period from 625 to 500 BC, when it had an area of c. 285 hectares and an estimated population of 35,000. The establishment of this Etruscan "dynasty" has led some dated historians to claim that late regal Rome was occupied by troops from Tarquinii militarily and culturally Etruscanised. The rest were solely concerned with defending their own territory against Roman counter-attacks and were unwilling to join Hannibal's operations elsewhere. Found inside – Page 73citizenship would not have meant much for most Romans. ... John North once did, that “war- making was the life- blood of the Roman confederation in Italy. This civil war was called the Social War. The loose federation's gravest trial came with the Second Punic War and Hannibal's invasion of Italy (218–201 BC). Found inside – Page 55The Roman confederation in Italy was profoundly shaken and one tithe of Hannibal's hopes was fulfilled . Arpi , in Apulia , one of the most important cities ... Therefore, the plebeians, who made up the majority of the soldiers in the Roman army, staged protests outside the city walls. [50] During the Samnite Wars, the burden on Romans was extremely onerous. The Roman Republic describes the period in which the city-state of Rome existed as a republican government, from 509 B.C. Under this system, Romans granted full citizenship to some peoples, especially other Latin's. They . Napoleon reorganized much of the empire into the Confederation of the Rhine. Brian McGing's accompanying introduction and notes illuminate this remarkable political history. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Found inside – Page 157To rule Italy, the Romans devised the Roman Confederation in 338 B.C.E. Under ... The loss of an army or a fleet did not cause them to quit but spurred them ... The interpretation of the prophecy of a future ten-nation confederacy as found in four major passages of Scripture is a determinative issue in any system of prophetic interpretation. [18], In the period following the Lex Ovinia, the Consuls were gradually reduced to executive servants of the Senate. The modern term "Roman confederation" used by some historians to describe the Roman military alliance is misleading, as it implies some form of common political structure, but Rome did it in a way and made it a federation. For this purpose, the comitia could only meet when summoned by a Magistrate. The reasons for the Romans' ultimate triumph was their superior manpower and political and military organisation.[33]. In contrast, the Romans could draw upon c. 650,000 Romans and Allies of undisputed loyalty. The Roman Confederation. * Campanians were technically Roman citizens sine suffragio, not socii. [29], At this juncture, Rome was crushed by an invasion of central Italy by the Senones Gallic tribe. full citizenship half citizenship The Roman citizen population nearly tripled, from c. 350,000 to c. 900,000, c. 30% of the peninsular population. an oligarchy), while the dissident aristocrats favoured a "democracy", in which power was exercised by a popular assembly, which they could then manipulate to establish their own ascendancy. Emulating the republican model of the socii, Augustus recruited roughly half his army from these "second-class citizens", into a corps known as the auxilia (literally "supports") whose role, training and equipment were the same as the legionaries', except that they provided most of the imperial army's cavalry, archers and other specialists. The Roman Confederation in Italy. The Roman and allied levies were kept in separate formations. Treaties known as foedus served as the basic template for Rome's settlement with the large array of tribes and city-states of the whole Italian peninsula. The rest would be returned to the defeated enemy in return for the latter's adherence to the Roman military alliance. Accordingly, the Scriptures related to this problem present one of the decisive interpretive . Hannibal's Italian allies, on the other hand, served in their own units and under independent command. There was never a Roman confederation. Note that the eastern part of the Roman Empire, the "Byzantine" Empire, continued to be a Roman Empire for centuries after loosing control over Rome some time before 800. Found insideThis book provides a new and comprehensive reassessment of the events surrounding the Social War, analysing both the long-term and the immediate context of the conflict and its causes. The best opportunities were provided by the invasion of Italy by the Greek king Pyrrhus from 281 to 275 BC, and by the invasion of Italy by Carthaginian general Hannibal from 218 to 203 BC. Finally, in AD 212, a decree of the emperor Caracalla (the Constitutio Antoniniana) granted citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. [34] It took the Romans a century and four wars (480–390) just to reduce Veii, a single neighbouring Etruscan city. Instead, there were no federal political institutions, and indeed not even formal procedures for effective consultation. In theory, Rome's republican constitution was democratic, based on the principle of the sovereignty of the Roman people. According to Roman legend, Rome was founded by Romulus in 753 BC. But these constitutional arrangements were far less democratic than they might appear, as elections were rigged heavily in favour of the wealthiest echelon of society. More recently, however, Harris' theory of Roman "exceptionalism" has been challenged by A. M. Eckstein, who points out that Rome's neighbours were equally militaristic and aggressive and that Rome was just one competitor for territory and hegemony in a peninsula whose interstate relations were largely anarchic and lacking effective mechanisms for resolution of interstate disputes. Like the Romans, their national symbol was a wolf, but a male wolf on the prowl, not a she-wolf suckling babies. This war was brought to an end in 493 BC by the conclusion of a treaty called foedus Cassianum, which lay the foundations for the Roman military alliance. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. Found inside – Page 95The anti - Roman confederacy in the War of the Allies 91-82 B.C. used Víteliú ( i.e. ... The Gothonic nations do not know of it as the name of a group . Infrastructure - roads, forts. Polybius does not give figures for the Greeks or the Bruttii allies in southern Italy. But the choice of site for a colonia was primarily dictated by strategic considerations. Found insideWhat Pyrrhus needed was a brilliant success which should break up the Roman army ... but the Roman army and the Roman confederacy still remained unbroken, ... This proved to be an Alliance of great strength and endurance. Socii will refer to groups (2) and (3) combined. [49] The last such levy was as late as 60 BC, on the eve of Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul itself. The effects of this disaster on Roman power are a matter of controversy between scholars. For some socii, at some periods, primarily the more powerful or aggressive nations that could aspire to Italian hegemony themselves (Samnites, Capua, Tarentum), the costs appeared too high, and these repeatedly took the opportunity to rebel. [51] Nevertheless, the socii were allowed to share the spoils of war, the main remuneration of Republican levy soldiers (since pay was minimal), on an equal basis with Roman citizens. The most important problem is that by listing those troops deployed separately from those registered, Polybius is probably double-counting the former. [Note 2][64] Carthaginian society was itself even more oligarchic than Rome's. The main policy-making institution, the Senate, was an unelected body composed mostly of Roman aristocrats but its decrees could not contravene leges, and motions in the Senate could be vetoed by any one of 10 tribunes of the plebs, elected by the concilium plebis, an assembly restricted to plebeian members only. This allowed socii soldiers to return home at the end of each campaigning season with substantial capital and was important in reconciling the socii to service outside Italy, especially in the second century BC.[52]. [7] Despite this, the broad trends of early Roman history as related by the ancient authors are reasonably accurate. [79][80] But by necessity, rather than from ideological conviction, the Carthaginians backed the anti-Roman democratic factions. Overall, votes were allocated in inverse proportion to population. Found inside – Page 271Rome , believed in the oath of Hannibal , and so did King Antiochus . ... and shattering Rome's confederation by a series of swift , devastating , and ... Even then, emergency measures were often needed to find enough recruits. This was due to the Romans' admiration of Greek culture and the fact that most of the cities contained pro-Roman aristocracies whose interests coincided with the Romans'. [28] In the same period, the Romans fought three wars against their nearest neighbouring Etruscan city-state, Veii, finally reducing the city in 396. Found inside – Page 143The Roman confederation brought unity to Italy on the eve of Rome's struggle with ... While the Greek cities had occupied the coastal plains , they did not ... An entertaining and informative look at the unique culture of crime, punishment, and killing in Ancient Rome In Ancient Rome, all the best stories have one thing in common—murder. The confederation did not maintain standing or professional military forces, but levied them, by compulsory conscription, as required for each campaigning season. Found inside – Page 55The Roman confederation in Italy was profoundly shaken and one tithe of Hannibal's hopes was fulfilled . Arpi , in Apulia , one of the most important cities ... at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, where each Consul commanded an army of about 40,000 men. citizenship, access to clean water, roads to trade on. In the North, the Romans annexed the ager Gallicus, a large stretch of plain on the Adriatic coast from the Senones Gallic tribe, with a Latin colony at Ariminum in 268. In addition, power was further fragmented by the establishment of further collegiate offices, known to history as Roman magistrates: (three Aediles and four Quaestors). But this does not imply a more democratic form of government. This implies that c. 16% of all Roman adult males spent every campaigning season under arms in this period, rising to 25% during emergencies. Most importantly, they were freed from the constant threat of aggression from their neighbours that had existed in the anarchic centuries prior to the imposition of the pax Romana. [35] Tough mountain-dwelling pastoralists, they are believed to have invented the manipular fighting unit adopted by the Romans. Once the last of these kings was overthrown in 509 B.C., Rome's . Found inside – Page 411ROMAN CITIZENS AND THE ROMAN 'CONFEDERACY' In the preceding pages I have several times talked of Roman citizens. When Rome was a tiny area, citizenship is ... W ar horns brayed eerily, swords thudded against shields with a dull menace, and a jeering, terrifying howl went up from the roughly 12,000 Celtic . In the century following the Second Punic War, Italy was rarely threatened by external invasion (save by the occasional Gallic or Germanic horde) and Rome and her allies embarked on aggressive expansion overseas, in Spain, Africa and the Balkans. This massive standing force proved an insurmountable obstacle for Hannibal. The surviving accounts for this later phase of the war are thin, but its scale is clear from Rome's celebration of 10 triumphs, each implying the slaughter of at least 5,000 enemy.[68]. Found inside – Page 86The statesmanship of Rome in devising and applying this scheme has often been ... Without insisting that it was borrowed , the teacher yet may find it ... The modern term "Roman confederation" used by some historians to describe the Roman military alliance is misleading, as it implies some form of common political structure, but Rome did it in a way and made it a federation. 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